Abstract Effect of peptides obtained from Phaseolus lunatus L. where biological properties such as antioxidant activity have been found. In addition to improve this beneficial effect, the microencapsulation could be a way to protect the peptides against the environment to which they are exposed. Gums extracted from plant seeds are a potential option such as Guazuma ulmifolia, and its seeds gum exhibits promising properties as coating materials in encapsulation. Two peptide fractions from P. lunatus L. were encapsulated (>10 and <10 kDa) by ionic gelation using mixtures of G. ulmifolia gum and sodium alginate (GUG:SA). A 23 experimental design was used: GUG:SA ratios (A) (70:30 or 30:70); CaCl2 concentrations (B) (0.05 or 0.15 M); and hardening time (C). (10 or 30 min). Multiple variable response analysis with a desirability coefficient identified optimum conditions for each peptide fraction. Better results were obtained for >10 kDa peptide fraction at optimal conditions of A: 70:30, B: 0.05 and C: 10, obtaining irregular beads with a diameter of 5.85 mm2, Bead Encapsulation efficiency 42% and 31 and 42 mM TEAC for ABTS and DPPH respectively. These results shown that GUG:SA mixture is a viable encapsulation system for preserving antioxidant peptide fractions.

Abstract Malnutrition is a problem that affects rural communities worldwide. Maize is a food whose intake and nutritional quality is essential for the growth and development of infants. Maize protein quality is poor due to amino acid deficiencies such as lysine and tryptophan, which has generated the development of the so-called quality protein maize (QPM). Chemical and nutritional characterization of the Sac Béh and Chichén Itzá maize hybrids was performed. The proximal analysis, minerals Ca, Fe, K, Mg, Na and P, fatty acid and amino acid profiles were determined. Protein quality was also evaluated by the determination of in vitro digestibility and chemical score, limiting amino acid, protein digestibility corrected amino acid score (PDCAAS), calculated protein efficiency ratio (c-PER), and the biological value (BV). In hybrid varieties, an increase in protein was demonstrated. They were high oil corn (HOC) with 7 % lipids. A higher content of monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) than saturated fatty acids (SFA) was found with an improvement in the quality of the oil, and the mineral content maintained. The protein quality was superior with respect to the native predecessors, with higher levels of lysine, tryptophan, phenylalanine and isoleucine, with greater digestibility and with double biological value.

Resumen La desnutrición es un problema que afecta a las comunidades rurales. El maíz es alimento básico cuya ingesta es esencial para el crecimiento y desarrollo de los infantes. La calidad proteínica del maíz es pobre debido a la deficiencia de aminoácidos como lisina y triptófano, por lo cual, se han desarrollado maíces de calidad de proteína (denominados QPM). Por lo que en el presente estudio, se realizó la caracterización química y nutrimental de los granos de maíz híbrido Sac Béh y Chichén Itzá, determinando la composición químico proximal, los minerales Ca, Fe, K, Mg, Na y P; el perfil de ácidos grasos y de aminoácidos. Se evaluó la calidad de la proteína mediante la digestibilidad “in vitro” y cómputo químico, aminoácido limitante, la puntuación de aminoácidos corregido con digestibilidad de proteínas (PDCAAS), la relación de eficiencia de proteína calculada (c-PER) y el valor biológico (VB). Se demostró un aumento de proteínas y alto contenido de aceite con 7 % de lípidos. Se encontró un mayor contenido de ácidos grasos monoinsaturados (MUFA) que saturados (SFA) y se mantuvo el contenido mineral. La calidad de la proteína fue superior con respecto a los predecesores, con mayores niveles de lisina, triptófano, fenilalanina e isoleucina, mayor digestibilidad y el doble de valor biológico.

Inhibition of angiotensin-converting enzyme I (ACE-I) in vitro and in vivo from peptide fractions by enzymatic hydrolysis of the Vigna unguiculata protein concentrate was evaluated. Hydrolysis was done with Pepsin-Pancreatin and Flavourzima® in two separate systems. The resulting hidrolysates were ultrafiltrated to obtain fractions with different molecular weight. The fractions with better inhibition Flavourzima® were size > 1 kDa (> 1 kDa-F) and < 1 kDa (< 1 kDa-F), with an IC50 of 1222.84 and 1098.6 µg/ml respectively. Pepsin-Pancreatin fraction <1 kDa (<1 kDa-PP) showed the best activity with an IC50 of 402.23 ìg/ml. Hypotensive effect was evaluated in a normotensive model for 4 weeks, 10 mg/kg (weight)/orally, in Wistar rats. < 1 kDa-F decreased systolic: diastolic in 8.61: 14.09% respectively, while in the case of <1 kDa-PP lowed diastolic pressure in 14.15%. Antihypertensive effect was evaluated in induced model for 3 weeks with L-NAME (25 mg/kg (weight)/day). In the next 4 weeks peptide fractions, were administered, noticing >1 kDa-F decreased systolic pressure and diastolic 10.27: 4.92% respectively, while <1 kDa-F decreased diastolic pressure 3.56%. <1 kDa-PP decreased systolic: diastolic in 15.98: 17.12%, respectively.

Se evaluó la inhibición de la enzima convertidora de angiotensina-I (ECA-I) in vitro e in vivo por fracciones peptídicas provenientes de la hidrólisis enzimatica del concentrado proteico de Vigna unguiculata; el cual fue separado en distintos pesos moleculares por ultrafiltración. La hidrolisis se realizó con FlavourzimaR y Pepsina- Pancreatina en dos sistemas separados. Las fracciones obtenidas con FlavourzimaR con mejor inhibición fueron las de tamaño > 1KDa (> 1KDa-F) y < 1KDa (< 1KDa-F), con un IC50 de 1222,84 y 1098,6 µg/ml, respectivamente. Con Pepsina-Pancreatina la fracción < 1KDa (< 1KDa. P-P) presentó la mejor actividad, con un IC50 de 402,23 µg/ml. El efecto hipotensor se evaluó en un modelo normotenso durante cuatro semanas, 10 mg/kg peso/via oral en ratas Wistar. < 1KDa-F disminuyó la presión sistolica: diastólica un 8,61:14,09%, respectivamente; mientras que < 1KDa.P-P disminuyó la presión diastólica un 14,15%. El efecto antihipertensivo se evaluó en un modelo inducido durante tres semanas con L-NAME (25mg/ kg/dia). Durante las siguientes cuatro semanas se administraron las fracciones peptidicas, en donde > 1KDa-F redujo la presión sistólica:diastólica un 10,27:4,92%, respectivamente; mientras que < 1KDa-F disminuyó la presión diastólica un 3,56%. < 1KDa.P-P disminuyó la presión sistólica:diastólica un 15,98:17,12%, respectivamente.

Recent studies have shown the beneficial effect of peptides, an unexploited source could be Phaseolus lunatus being an important raw material for those functional products in order to improve their utilization. In addition to improve the beneficial effect of bioactive peptides the microencapsulation could be a way to protect the peptides against the environment to which they are exposed. P. lunatus protein fraction (<10 kDa of weight) was encapsulated using a blend of carboxymethylated flamboyant gum (CFG) and sodium alginate (SA) at different concentrations of CaCl2 and hardening times. After in vitro digestion of microcapsules the residual activity, in the intestinal system, both inhibition of agiotensin-converting enzyme (I-ACE) and antioxidant activity obtained were in a range of 0.019-0.136 mg/mL and 570.64-813.54 mM of TEAC respectively. The microencapsulation employed CFG/SA blends could be used controlled delivery of peptide fractions with potential use as a nutraceutical or therapeutic agents.

RESUMEN. Las proteínas de los granos de leguminosas son fuente potencial de nutrientes valiosos, por lo cual son objeto de estudios para lograr su mejor aprovechamiento. Esto se hace más importante para aquellas proteínas provenientes de especies subexplotadas, por lo cual es necesario un conocimiento básico, previo a su utilización como ingrediente. El propósito de este trabajo consistió en determinar varias características estructurales y nutrimentales de las fracciones proteínicas de Phaseolus lunatus, separadas por solubilidad en diferentes agentes. La cantidad relativa de albúminas (ALB), globulinas (GLB), prolaminas (PRL) y glutelinas (GLT) fue 62,3, 34,8, 1,4 y 1,5%, respectivamente. En el perfil electroforético SDS-PAGE de las ALB y GLB se encontró siete bandas comunes en un intervalo de 10 a 95 kDa y 14 a 99 kDa, respectivamente. El perfil de aminoácidos mostró que la fracción rica en aminoácidos azufrados fue la de PRL (11,5 g/100 g proteína), encontrando el contenido de lisina, en la fracción de ALB, menor al esperado. El requerimiento de la FAO fue cubierto en las fracciones de GLB y GLT. En general el mejor balance de aminoácidos así como de digestibilidad (80%) lo presentó la fracción de GLB; sin embargo, tuvo una relación de eficiencia proteínica calculada (REP-C) de 0,11, menor que el de las ALB (0,97). El análisis calorimétrico, enseñó temperaturas de desnaturalización alrededor de 90(0)C para las fracciones ALB, GLB, GLU. La fracción de PRL no presentó transición térmica probablemente porque las proteínas se encontraban desnaturalizadas debido a las condiciones de extracción.

SUMMARY. Legume proteins as a potential source of valuable nutrients, are the object of several studies in order to obtain the best use. A basic knowledge becomes more important for those proteins from species not wholly utilized, before using them as food ingredients. The objective of this work was to determine several structural and nutritional characteristics of the protein fractions from Phaseolus lunatus, separated in different solvents. The relative amount of extraction for the albumins (ALB), globulins (GLB), prolamines (PRL), and glutelins (GLT) was 62,3, 34,8, 1,4 and 1,5%, respectively. The SDS-PAGE electrophoretic profile of both ALB and GLB, showed seven common bands in intervals from 10 to 95 kDa, and 14 to 99 kDa, respectively; the amino acids profile showed that PRL was the rich fraction in sulfurated amino acids (11,5 g/100 g protein); the content of lysine in the fraction of ALB was smaller than expected but the requirement of the FAO in the fractions of GLB and GLT was covered. In general, the fraction of GLB had the best balance of amino acids and digestibility (80%); however, it had a relationship of calculated protein efficiency ratio (C-PER) of 0,11, smaller than the ratio in ALB (0,97). The calorimetric analysis showed denatured temperatures around 90(0)C for the ALB, GLB, and GLU fractions. The PRL fraction probably did not present a thermal transition because the proteins were denaturalized by the extraction conditions.